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It is understood that man obviously assumes nature to be "Object of rule" if it thinks about nature in environmental problems and the relations of man of the present age. Because various methods are adopted and have been done to ..managing.. [tame] that tries to be made up for nature's manning it by using developing science and technology that is assuming that it is possible to control since modern ages especiallyIn addition, man also included, and it came to be treated as an object to be able to commercialize the entire world of all lives in a modern capitalistic society.

Social ecology refuses the view that makes such nature the object of rule. Because nature is voluntarily the one that it always keeps richness and stability to achieve the possibility of latency. And, at relations with nature, man also keeps the balance with the whole achieving an own possibility. Therefore, the view that starts pushing in all the one in the rule form (hierarchy) misinterprets the appearance of original nature. For instance, the mutual help relation that bee's ecosystem maintains to bee's ecosystem in the view that applies the composition "Worker bee" as "Queen bee" and the subordinate will be overlooked. Or, if the woman is only regarded at the same position as the man to recover, status of women in the male-dominated society fall into the rule system at the man center after all such a thinking process, and are never never tried to the man, the woman or the insight of relations with the environmental world. It is necessary already to get rid of the thought-form seen for everything to escape from such a situation.

Therefore, nature in social ecology begins to draw naturally to can the development of man and the society at the same time in that maintaining diversity and the stability of it, and finds the axis of the criticism to modern man there. For instance, it is possible to think about such a viewpoint in the overseas aid with effectiveness as a criticism to the help form that doesn't reflect on the will of the resident of the recipient country. In that sense, it is necessary not only to end in the criticism to the present age but also to catch it to some degree as the viewpoint that can be developed practicing it.

Murray [bukuchin]'Something with social ecology. '

Outline

Social ecology requests the root of "Domination of nature by humans" from "Man rule by man". Because only to point out the domination of nature by humans, the cut between between nations or the gender and races being gushing at the present age to various various problems is not obtained. And, it is sharply pointed out that there was a mentality that "Man who has reasonable reason" conquers "Blindness, competition, and nature" behind man's mastery of nature. Therefore, it becomes a proposition that their insistences should exclude the rule structure to solve modern environmental problems inevitably caused by man's mastery of nature.

The society that keeps stability at the same time while achieving diversity and the development possibility of equipping they do not see advocacy [suruha] natural , as a rule target but naturally is created. Nature and man aim at the conquest of liberty that can achieve the development possibility that the latency of freedom each other, that is, respectively in such nature.

Various social troubles are historically formed, and they read to have caused it from the rule form that has continued and solve it by beginning to draw "The way it should be" of such nature, man or a society. Coordinates for the criticism to the rule form formed accelerating are especially built by taking such an aspect since it is modern, and the criticism in separation (Furthermore, it was said nature with the spirit, the body, and the idea) Western Europe of subject/object based on the rationality of the subject to a traditional dualism is developed. However, the activeness of the subject is denied, and man who is the subject not reduced partially of nature that is the object but the activeness of the subject aims at the harmony with nature after it maintains it. Because the activeness of the subject it is because of the admission for which it works by sustaining life by acquiring organic nourishment from the environmental world in the surroundings, and cannot deny the act in man in the amoeba that is the protist of the period first.

Thus, it tries to penetrate how the social trouble is located in the developing process of nature. That is, when the viewpoint is found whether to cause the social trouble that disturbs it why, the act of rule of all men's is brought into relief while complexly developing [womazumasu] in an own natural history that achieves latency.

At this time, there is a key word "Reciprocal help" (It was advocated by the geographer in Kropotkin/Russia) as a term used. The word was the one of not only the meaning of the state related to rule but also reading the rule structure and the complementarity at the same time related to "Reciprocal help" in the ecosystem though this was a concept that had arisen in the historical background from which only respect related to rule "Survival of the fittest" was emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution. Mutual help relations ..bee's ecosystem.. various will be overlooked ..trying the application of the rule form "Queen bee" and "Worker bee" against bee's ecosystem for instance... Because the queen bee also never thinks it to be "Queen", and never regards also by the worker bee it, "Her subordinate whom the queen can handle". Moreover, various relations between both will be overlooked by putting the woman and the man on the same position because trying to catch the woman under the man rule reads it in discrimination against women. In a word, it tries to review the thought-form that is possibly how "Subject that rules and ruled object" to catch from foundation.

Therefore, if it has the presentiment that it will not be told that [bukuchin] that uses such a term and criticizes the dualism of the Western Europe tradition must stop ruling only and his thesis is read, a social historic backdrop reads as original and might be able to solve the word expressed there. The following sentences are the one having written in the above-mentioned intention. If it is possible to interpret it as not the counterevidence to his insistence but the anti-sunshiny, it is likely to be able to catch it assuming that the theory of social ecology can be progressed further.

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